Em português: Estou postando uma resenha que fiz para a disciplina de Fisiologia Animal, do meu curso de Ciências Biológicas, pela qual recebi uma nota baixa; acredito que minha opinião não foi claramente compreendida, pois considerei que o artigo teve algumas partes escritas erroneamente...
Trata-se de uma resenha do artigo de Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas, intitulado "Considerações sobre a evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso, o comportamento e a emergência da consciência". Lá vai.
A análise filogenética faz com que seja permitido o lançamento de hipóteses evolutivas. Assim, com este mecanismo surgem suposições a respeito da enorme biodiversidade que temos atualmente. As heterogeneidades morfológicas são estudadas na filogenia e, com base nelas, surgem os conceitos de derivação, onde alguns seres são considerados mais ou menos derivados, sendo inconveniente caracterizá-los como “menos ou mais evoluídos”, pois, todos os organismos passam por processos evolutivos.
O artigo “Considerações sobre a evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso, o comportamento e a emergência da consciência” foi elaborado por Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas, doutor em Neurologia pela Universidade de São Paulo. Ele é/foi professor em diversas universidades no Brasil e em outros países, como por exemplo, na University of Cambridge, Inglaterra. Atualmente, dentre outras funções, trabalha no Hospital Albert Einstein, em São Paulo, e é membro da Sociedade Brasileira de Neurocirurgia.
Neste artigo de revisão Ribas teve como objetivo explanar, com base na literatura disponível, sobre aspectos da evolução filogenética do sistema nervoso dos seres vivos, caracterizando principalmente o ser humano e o desenvolvimento das suas funções cognitivas que influenciam em seu comportamento. Comentou que a dimensão e organização do sistema nervoso humano são o que os distinguem dos demais animais, e, que os sulcos e fissuras proporcionaram o desenvolvimento do córtex, responsável pelas atividades mais complexas.
Algo interessante de salientar é a pesquisa teórica relacionada aos primatas, onde o autor relaciona os hábitos primitivos destes animais ao desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso. Segundo o autor, Australopithecus afarensis, espécie a qual pertence Lucy, o fóssil primata mais antigo já encontrado, possuíam um volume de, em média, 400 cm2, tamanho dos recém-nascidos humanos. É conveniente ressaltar que Ribas comenta também sobre o início da comunicação entre os mamíferos, fator ligado às áreas cerebrais específicas como a área de Broca e de Wernicke.
As análises filogenéticas e a emergência da consciência são comentadas na parte final do artigo, e, o autor considera várias hipóteses propostas por pesquisadores. No entanto, embora haja aceitação destas teorias por diversos autores, ainda há muito o que ser pesquisado e confirmado a respeito do surgimento da consciência animal. Com o largo desenvolvimento da genética, acredita-se que muitas questões possam ser resolvidas.
Apesar de ter adquirido um maior conhecimento sobre os temas, acredito que o autor deveria ter tido mais cautela ao escrever este artigo. As noções evolutivas por ele apresentadas me levaram a entender que ele utilizou uma escala linear onde as bactérias vieram a dar origem aos peixes mais primitivos. Sabe-se que a evolução das espécies está agindo há bilhões de anos, não se deve confundí-la com um experimento em que o principal objetivo foi originar uma criatura considerada o ápice da evolução, neste caso, o humano.
Ribas comenta que “as forças evolutivas” causaram o maior desenvolvimento olfatório quando em meio terrestre. Se fosse assim, os insetos, por exemplo, teriam um grau de complexidade muito mais elevado e os Elasmobranchii não seriam tão especializados na olfação. Outro fato a ser levado em consideração é que o autor não comenta sobre ancestralidade em comum que os organismos têm, ele apenas segue uma “transecto” partindo dos seres “menos evoluídos” para os “mais evoluídos”.
Em algumas partes o autor se estendeu muito em suas frases, onde, em praticamente um parágrafo inteiro não havia pontos finais. Além disto, ele cometeu erros ao escrever nomes científicos, iniciando o epíteto específico com letra maiúscula. E, na figura 1 ele escreveu várias vezes “cérebo” ao invés de cérebro. Finalizando, creio que este médico, por ser doutor em neurologia, deveria ter procurado se aprofundar mais no assunto evolução do sistema nervoso nos seres vivos, que é algo essencial de saber visto que ele trabalha com isto. Apesar das pesquisas à parte e confirmação de que alguns conceitos abordados por ele são em parte errôneos, obtive muito conhecimento na leitura deste artigo de revisão.
Para quem se interessar, segue o link do artigo:
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In English: I’m posting a digest I did for the discipline of Animal Physiology, of my Biological Sciences course, for which I received a low grade. I believe that my opinion wasn’t clearly understood, because I considerate that the paper had some parts erroneously written. It’s a Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas paper review, entitled “Considerations on the phylogeny of the nervous system, behavior and the emergence of consciousness”. There I go.
Phylogenetic analysis makes that be allowed the release of evolutionary hypotheses. Thus, with this mechanism appears assumptions about the enormous biodiversity that we have today. The morphological heterogeneities are studied in phylogeny and, in its basis, appears the derivation concepts, where some beings are considered more or less derivatives, being inconvenient to characterize them as “more or less evolved”, because all the organisms go through evolution process.
The paper “Considerations on the phylogeny of the nervous system, behavior and the emergence of consciousness”, was written by Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas, doctor of neurology by the University of São Paulo. He is/was professor at several universities in Brazil and other countries, such as the University of Cambridge, England. Currently, among others functions, he works at Albert Einstein Hospital, in São Paulo, and is a member of the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery.
In this review paper, Ribas had as a goal explain, based on available literature, on the aspects of the phylogenetic evolution of the nervous system of living beings, specially characterizing the human being and development of their cognitive functions that influence their behavior. He commented that the size and organization of the human nervous system are what distinguish them from others animals, and, that trhe grooves and fissures provided the development of the cortex, responsible for the more complex activities.
Something interesting to note is the theoretical research related to primates, where the author lists the primitive habits of these animals to the developing of the nervous system. According to the author, Australopithecus afarensis, specie which Lucy belongs, the oldest primate fossil ever found, had a volume of, in average, of 400cm2, size of newborn humans. It should be emphasized that Ribas also comments on the beginning of the communication among mammals, a factor linked to specific brains areas, such as Broca`s and Wernicke`s areas.
Phylogenetic analysis and the emergence of consciousness are discussed at the end of the paper and the author considers various hypotheses proposed by researchers. However, although there is acceptance of these theories by different authors, there is still much to be researched and confirmed about the emergence of consciousness. With the large development of genetic, it is believed that many questions can be resolved.
Despite having acquired a better understanding of the issues, I believed that the author should have been more when wrote this paper. The evolutionary concepts that he presented led me to understand that he used a linear scale, where the bacteria gave rise to the most primitive fishes. It is know that the evolution of species is acting for billions of years, we cannot confuse it with a experiment which the main goal was to origin a creature considered the apex of evolution, in this case, the human being.
Ribas comments that the “evolutionary forces” caused the largest olfactory development when on land. If this were true, the insects, for example, would have a degree of complexity much higher, and the Elasmobranchii would not be so specialized in olfaction. Another fact to be taken into consideration is that the author don’t comment on common ancestry that the organisms have, he just takes a “transect” starting of the “less evolved” beings for the “more evolved” ones.
In some parts of the paper, the author has extended far into his sentences, where, in almost a entire paragraph had not endpoints. In addition, he made mistakes when writing scientific names, starting the specific epithet capitalized. And, he wrote on the 1st figure several times “cérebo” unstead of “cérebro” (brain). Finally, I believe that this doctor, by be a Ph.D in Neurology, should have looked deeper in the subject “Evolution of the nervous system in the living beings”, which is something essential to know since he works with Neurology. Despite the researches aside and confirmation that some concepts covered by him are partly wrong, I got a lot of knowledge by reading this review paper.
For you, that is interested on this review paper, follow the link to the paper:
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbp/v28n4/12.pdf
___________________________________________
In English: I’m posting a digest I did for the discipline of Animal Physiology, of my Biological Sciences course, for which I received a low grade. I believe that my opinion wasn’t clearly understood, because I considerate that the paper had some parts erroneously written. It’s a Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas paper review, entitled “Considerations on the phylogeny of the nervous system, behavior and the emergence of consciousness”. There I go.
Phylogenetic analysis makes that be allowed the release of evolutionary hypotheses. Thus, with this mechanism appears assumptions about the enormous biodiversity that we have today. The morphological heterogeneities are studied in phylogeny and, in its basis, appears the derivation concepts, where some beings are considered more or less derivatives, being inconvenient to characterize them as “more or less evolved”, because all the organisms go through evolution process.
The paper “Considerations on the phylogeny of the nervous system, behavior and the emergence of consciousness”, was written by Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas, doctor of neurology by the University of São Paulo. He is/was professor at several universities in Brazil and other countries, such as the University of Cambridge, England. Currently, among others functions, he works at Albert Einstein Hospital, in São Paulo, and is a member of the Brazilian Society of Neurosurgery.
In this review paper, Ribas had as a goal explain, based on available literature, on the aspects of the phylogenetic evolution of the nervous system of living beings, specially characterizing the human being and development of their cognitive functions that influence their behavior. He commented that the size and organization of the human nervous system are what distinguish them from others animals, and, that trhe grooves and fissures provided the development of the cortex, responsible for the more complex activities.
Something interesting to note is the theoretical research related to primates, where the author lists the primitive habits of these animals to the developing of the nervous system. According to the author, Australopithecus afarensis, specie which Lucy belongs, the oldest primate fossil ever found, had a volume of, in average, of 400cm2, size of newborn humans. It should be emphasized that Ribas also comments on the beginning of the communication among mammals, a factor linked to specific brains areas, such as Broca`s and Wernicke`s areas.
Phylogenetic analysis and the emergence of consciousness are discussed at the end of the paper and the author considers various hypotheses proposed by researchers. However, although there is acceptance of these theories by different authors, there is still much to be researched and confirmed about the emergence of consciousness. With the large development of genetic, it is believed that many questions can be resolved.
Despite having acquired a better understanding of the issues, I believed that the author should have been more when wrote this paper. The evolutionary concepts that he presented led me to understand that he used a linear scale, where the bacteria gave rise to the most primitive fishes. It is know that the evolution of species is acting for billions of years, we cannot confuse it with a experiment which the main goal was to origin a creature considered the apex of evolution, in this case, the human being.
Ribas comments that the “evolutionary forces” caused the largest olfactory development when on land. If this were true, the insects, for example, would have a degree of complexity much higher, and the Elasmobranchii would not be so specialized in olfaction. Another fact to be taken into consideration is that the author don’t comment on common ancestry that the organisms have, he just takes a “transect” starting of the “less evolved” beings for the “more evolved” ones.
In some parts of the paper, the author has extended far into his sentences, where, in almost a entire paragraph had not endpoints. In addition, he made mistakes when writing scientific names, starting the specific epithet capitalized. And, he wrote on the 1st figure several times “cérebo” unstead of “cérebro” (brain). Finally, I believe that this doctor, by be a Ph.D in Neurology, should have looked deeper in the subject “Evolution of the nervous system in the living beings”, which is something essential to know since he works with Neurology. Despite the researches aside and confirmation that some concepts covered by him are partly wrong, I got a lot of knowledge by reading this review paper.
For you, that is interested on this review paper, follow the link to the paper:
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbp/v28n4/12.pdf
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